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Gooseberry
Currant, Gooseberry, Blackberry, Blueberries, Mladen Pantelic, "Nolit", Belgrade, 1984.
Gooseberry is a perennial plant. Belongs to the family Grossulariaceae, gender grossularia. European varieties of gooseberries were derived by selection from the European species Gr. reclinata var. vulgare.
In our country gooseberry was grown on a small insignificant areas, mainly on private plots and the breeding of this species never recorded.
In Europe, in Russia, England, Holland, Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland, where it occupies a significant area and provides abundant fruit, an important industrial raw material. The U.S. is also cultivated American varieties of gooseberries.
The economic importance of growing gooseberries is based primarily on biological characteristics of gooseberry fruits, high yielding, attractive appearance during zrijenja bush fruits and practical use in food and processing.
Gooseberry fruits contain significant amounts of sugar, acid, pectin, minerals and small amounts of vitamins. Gooseberry fruits can be used in different ways: the consumption of fresh, store compotes, jams and marmalades.
Growing gooseberries economy is very interesting because it comes early in the rod and gives high yields significantly, and can be grown successfully up to 20 years.
What is the significance of gooseberry cultivation in Europe can be linked with names such as "Europe's northern vineyard", the German grapes, grapes and other Constantinopolitan
Inbred varieties grown gooseberries are, though, by the experiences of the crossing to give the higher yields. Therefore it is advisable to plant two or three species simultaneously. With one hectare can be obtained, on average, about 10000-12000 kg, and in terms of better management systems and up to 20,000 kg.
Ecological conditions
Gooseberry, like most fruit species of small fruit, originating from the mountains, where climate-specific, and is growing gooseberries and caused moderate temperatures. Gooseberry is much more sensitive than currant at low temperatures, and high summer temperatures. It is probably this explains why this fruit species is widespread in the Mediterranean coastal opodručjima.
In terms of moisture, it has less requirements than the currant.
At positions where the intense cold winds during the winter shrubs gooseberries suffer from frosts. This means that for growing gooseberries need to choose a sheltered location.
Gooseberry not stand baruštinasta places and high ground water level, because in such circumstances suffer, it is dried.
In selecting sites for growing gooseberries should take account of local circumstances. At higher positions should be elected positions south and southeast, and on the lower northern and northwestern areas.
Gooseberry not stand very sandy soil, and those that are highly permeable and warm.
The U.S. rule is that for the successful cultivation of gooseberries four limiting factors:
- Lack of moisture,
- Warm summers,
- Rust, which attacks white pine and
- A parasite.
The last two factors in our conditions are unknown, and the first two and we must respect.
The cultivars of gooseberry
On the selection of gooseberries mngo was done. That and the fact that in Russia since uzganja XI. century, speaks of the centuries-picking and creating the best possible variety.
Systematic overview of the variety can be done on the basis of color, ripening time, economic importance, TSL.
Yellow earliest
The variety of English origin. It features her large shrub vigor. The branches are thorny thorns with three-piece, very rarely with the individual.
Flowering and fruit ripening very early fall. However, even though not suffer from late spring frosts. It is resistant to low temperatures. Fertility of her is great.
Fruits are medium large to her small, round or oval, satin-yellow to golden yellow. Epidermis is thin and covered with tiny spots.
The fruits are sweet, juicy and aromatic, and mature in the first half of June.
It is interesting to grow, not only because of early maturity, but also because of resistance to frost and disease.
Phoenicia (green Phoenicia, Goliat)
Most widespread in Russia and Central Europe. His origins are unknown, although it has in all countries of Western Europe.
It is characterized by exuberant growth. Educates a lot strong and wide shrub.
It is very fruitful. Poijedini developed shrubs can provide up to 30 kg of grain. Otherwise, gender was sorta, because the per hectare can get 15 to 17000 kg of fruit.
It is characterized by resistance to low temperature.
The fruits are large and srednjekrupni. Epidermis is a greenish color with interwoven nervaturom. The technological maturity of the fruit skin changes color and becomes žućkastocrvenkastu.
Can be used for all forms of processing, as well as for consumption in fresh condition.
Colorful fruit and gives the appearance of ornamental shrub in the plot.
Hauton
This variety is very widespread in Europe and the United States because of its resistance to powdery mildew.
It is characterized by high yielding capacity.
Bush has a strong, upright, educated many branches and offshoots.
It is resistant to low temperatures. It blooms almost at the same time as the other varieties grown, but he zrijenje fruit much later.
Fruits are large to medium large. It is characterized by good taste.
They are suitable for a variety of manual processing for fresh consumption.
Other varieties
In addition to the described varieties of exceptional results and provide the following, which are grown in all parts of Europe: Whinhams industry, Belo triumph, Ruskij, Rubin, Green Gem, North Vineyard, Oregon etc.
Zoning variety
The moment when we are more accessible information about the cultivation of gooseberries will be talking about some sort Zoning.
Propagation
Except when it comes to selection for breeding, gooseberry plants are mainly propagated vegetatively. This is practically the only mode of reproduction.
The vegetative propagation is used several methods: Rooting cuttings of ripe and green.
Rooting ripe cuttings in most cases does not give good results, and more often and do not practice.
Sharing bush is rarely used, and only when we need to transfer the bush or in the case of exceptional varieties vrijednsoti.
The most widely used method of propagation is rooting POLOŽNICE gooseberries. This is used for young crops and long rods POLOŽNICE. They are given a higher number of seedlings. Thus obtained Rooted shoots are used as planting material. If the offspring from the stands weaker system, transplantation in rastilo, where they cultivate another ghodinu.
In addition to horizontal POLOŽNICE, and methods used vertically, with the piling, as well as horizontal.
Success in rooting depends above all from the time of piling and constant soil moisture by the truss.
Raising plantation
In preparing the land for the planting of gooseberries, the same instructions as for the planting of blackcurrant, raspberry and blackberry.
After manuring the land preore to a depth of about 30 cm. When planted in gardens, then prerilja soil to a depth of 25 to 30 cm.
Planting is carried out from autumn to spring when the weather conditions permit. Still, the best results are achieved autumn planting. Spring planting is rarely will give similar results, because in our country, frequent droughts caused by winds.
For larger areas usually recommended spacing of 2.5 x 1.5 m, and okućničkom cultivation is tolerated and less space: 2 x 1 m, and even 0.8 it wrong.
The gooseberry plantations apply the same care, as well as black currant plantations: weed control, fertilization, cultivation, etc.
Rezdidba gooseberry is quite similar to the pruning of black currant. In this case, gooseberry and black currant, provides the broadest branches of the one-berries, and most of them. Anyway, here are the fruits of education are also the two-year and three-wood. Basic branches of its fruit bush to five years.
Harvesting is a delicate job, although it makes trnovitost plants. Depending on use, the fruits are picked in botanical maturity - for indutrijsku processing, and for making stewed fruit - in the technology. Harvesting is done in two to three occasions.
The fruits of gooseberry tolerate handling, and storage in the ordinary conditions of air flow can keep up to three days without economic damage.
Protection against diseases and pests
The most common disease that occurs in plantations gooseberry is powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Sphaerotheca mors uvae.
The first signs of disease appeared on leaves, but also it attacks young shoots and fruits. First appears as a white coating, which spread and intensity with age changes color and becomes mrkocrvenkasti layer. As a result of an attack of this disease leads to drying out and falling leaves, deformed shoots and fruit decay. The whole plant was attacked less resistant to low temperatures.
The protection consists in the spraying of plants before the disease, but also later in the vegetation.
In addition to the above so-called. American gooseberry mildew attack plants and European powdery mildew, caused by a fungus Micoshera grossulariae. To control powdery mildew Europe, the same instructions as for the protection of the U.S..
No gooseberry not spared attacks and infections viroza. From viroza on gooseberry plants are more often gray leaf Leaf and Illumination nervature list. Fighting viroza is most effective in a controlled production of planting materials and use only healthy seedlings.
From pests commonly occur, but still quite rare, severe attacks pedomerke grossulariata Abraxas (L.). Caterpillars of this butterfly attacking and biting the leaves and young herbaceous shoots. The stronger the attack could come to a complete defoliation of shrubs. This pest is a great danger, because the caterpillars occur very early in the time of the appearance of young leaves, and to transform the sleeve on gooseberry plants remain until June.
The protection is very simple when it comes to a small number of shrubs. A review of shrubs caterpillars can be collected manually. In large plantations use pesticides. |
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